Piping Fundamental as The Important Pipe Elements

Starting today, Piping & Fabrication will start the new chapter of this pipe handbook, and now we go to PIPING FUNDAMENTAL as the important pipe elements.

FORCES, MOMENTS, AND EQUILIBRIUM
Simple Forces. When two or more forces act upon a body at one point, they may be single or combined into a resultant force. Conversely, any force may be resolved into component forces. In the figure, let the vectors F1 and F2 represent two forces acting on a point O. The resultant force F is represented in direction and magnitude by the diagonal of the parallelogram of which F1 and F2 are the sides. Conversely, any force F may be resolved into component forces by a reverse of the above operation.

vector and moments

Moments.
The moment of a force with respect to a given point is the tendency of that force to produce rotation around it. The magnitude of the moment is represented by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from its line of action to the point or center of moment. In the English system of weights and measures, moments are expressed as the product of the force in pounds and the length of the moment arm in feet or inches, the unit of the moment being termed the pound-foot or the pound-inch. Moments acting in a clockwise direction are designated as positive, and those acting in a counterclockwise direction are negative. They may be added and subtracted algebraically, as moments, regardless of the direction of the forces themselves.

 

With respect of that figures, moments about an arbitrary point x are calculated as follows: Extend the line of action of F1 until its extension intersects the perpendicular ax drawn from point x. Draw bx from x perpendicular to F2. The sum of moments about point x due to the two forces is then Alternatively, since F1 and F2 have been shown to be the vector equivalent of the resultant F, the moments about x can be calculated as

Couples.
Two parallel forces of equal magnitude acting in opposite directions constitute a couple. The moment of the couple is the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the two. A couple has no single resultant and can be balanced only by another couple of equal moment of opposite sign.

Law of Equilibrium.
When a body is at rest, the external forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium and there must be a zero net moment on the body. This means that (1) the algebraic sums of the components of all forces with reference to any three axes of reference at right angles with one another must each be zero and (2) the algebraic sum of all moments with reference to any three such axes must be zero. When the forces all lie in the same plane, the algebraic sums of their components with respect to any two axes must be equal to zero and the algebraic sum of all moments with respect to any point in the plane must be zero.

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Last Chapter of Piping System & Fabrication

Finally the General Definitions of Piping & Fabrication will finish now, and now is the last chapter from General Definitions of Piping System and all about Welding, Welder, Welding Machine, etc.

Welding Fittings.

welding fittings

Wrought- or forged-steel elbows, tees, reducers, and similar pieces for connection by welding to one another or to pipe. In small sizes, these fittings are available with counter bored ends for connection to pipe by fillet welding and are known as socket-weld fittings. In large sizes, the fittings are supplied with ends chamfered for connection to pipe by means of butt welding and are known
as butt-welding fittings.

Welding Generator.
The electric generator used for supplying welding current.

Welding Machine.
Equipment used to perform the welding operation.

Welding Operator.
One who operates a welding machine or automatic welding equipment.

Welding Procedure.
The detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment.

Welding Procedure Qualification Record.
Record of welding data and test results of the welding procedure qualifications, including essential variables of the process and the test results.

Welding Procedure Specification (WPS).

Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)

The document which lists the parameters to be used in construction of weldments in accordance with the applicable code requirements.

Welding Rod.

welding rod

Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing procedures and those arc welding processes where the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.

Welding Sequence.
The order of making the welds in a weldment.

Weldment.
An assembly whose component parts are to be joined by welding.

Wrought Iron.
Iron refined in a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon and other elements in solution.

Wrought Pipe.
The term wrought pipe refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means ‘‘worked,’’ as in the process of forming furnace welded pipe from skelp or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. Wrought pipe in this sense should not be confused with wrought-iron pipe, which is only one variety of wrought
pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name.

Very Important Element in Piping System

If we talk about Piping and Fabrication, we can't forget the thing called Weld, Welding and Welder, they are very important element in Piping System (Pipe), so here it is.

Weave Bead.

weave bead weld

A type of weld bead made with oscillation of the electrode transverse to the axis of the weld. Contrast to string bead.

Weld.

welding

A localized coalescence of material produced either by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, with or without the use of filler material.

Weld Bead.
A weld deposit resulting from a pass.

Weld Metal.
That portion of a weld which has been melted during welding. The portion may be the filler metal or base metal or both.

Weld Metal Area.
The area of the weld metal as measured on the cross section of a weld.

Weld Penetration.
See Joint Penetration and Root Penetration.

Weld-Prober Sawing.
Removal of a boat-shaped sample from a pipe weld for examination of the weld and its adjacent base-metal area. This operation is usually performed in graphitization studies.

Weld Reinforcement.

weld reinforcement

Weld material in excess of the specified weld size.

Something to Support Pipe or Fabrication

Before we reach to the welding, weld, welding machine or welding job also with welding supply, now we read about something to Support Pipe or Fabrication, because at the fabrics I have to steal a little bit time to do this post for Piping & Fabrication.

Underbead Crack.

weld crack

A crack in the heat-affected zone or in previously deposited weld metal paralleling the underside contour of the deposited weld bead and usually not extending to the surface.

Undercut.
A groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld material.

Van Stoning.
Hot upsetting of lapping pipe ends to form integral lap flanges, the lap generally being of the same diameter as that of the raised face of standard flanges.

Vapor Pressure.
The pressure exerted by the gaseous form, or vapor, of liquid. When the pressure above a liquid equals its vapor pressure, boiling occurs. If the pressure at any point in the flow of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure or becomes equal to the vapor pressure, the liquid flashes into vapor. This is called cavitation. The vapor thus formed travels with the liquid and collapses where the pressure is greater than vapor pressure. This could cause damage to piping and other components.

Vertical Position.

weld position

With respect to pipe welding, the position in which the axis of the pipe is vertical, with the welding being performed in the horizontal position. The pipe may or may not be rotated.

Viscosity.
In flowing liquids, the internal friction or the internal resistance to relative motion of the fluid particles with respect to one another.

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Anything Related to Pipe & Fabrication

After doing an inspection directly to the Pipe Rack Line 4 with the boss, finally I can get back to the office (in the container) and start to input the data. Mean while the computer process the data, I will do this post for Pipe & Fabrication and now we will write about Anything Related to Pipe & Fabrication.

Tack Weld.

tack weld

A small weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made.

Tee Joint.

tee joint

A welded joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a T.

Tempering.
A process of heating a normalized or quench-hardened steel to a temperature below the transformation range and, from there, cooling at any rate desired.

Inside to The Pipe Elements and Welding Type (SAW)

One more day has passed, and I still stuck in this factory without freedom here. And to release this feeling I just open the internet connection and start to post for Piping & Fabrication, and I have to quick because the time is catching me. Now we go inside to the Pipe Elements and Welding Type (SAW).

Statically Cast Pipe.
Pipe formed by the solidification of molten metal in a sand mold.

Straight Polarity.

straight polarity

The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode negative.

Stress Relieving.

stress relieving

Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling.

Stringer Bead.

stringer bead

A type of weld bead made by moving the electrode in a direction essentially parallel to the axis of the bead. There is no appreciable transverse oscillation of the electrode.

Spread the Spatter of Weld and SDR

After finishing the job, now I have to post this blog soon, because I have to install another computer in Line 4 at other work place, still at the factory. So, Piping and Fabrication will spread the Spatter of Weld.

Spatter.

weld spatter

In arc and gas welding, the metal particles expelled during welding that do not form part of the weld.

Spatter Loss.
Difference in weight between the amount of electrode consumed and the amount of electrode deposited.

Specific Gravity.
The ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water at standard conditions.

Specific Volume.
The volume of a unit mass of a fluid is its specific volume, and it is measured in cubic feet per pound mass (ft3/lbm).

Specific Weight.
The weight of a unit volume of a fluid is its specific weight. In English units, it is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).

Spiral-Riveted.
A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and riveting together the overlapped edges.

Spiral-Welded.

spiral welded pipe

A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and fusion-welding the overlapped or abutted edges.