HEAT AND TEMPERATURE OF PIPE

Units of Heat.
The unit of heat commonly used in the English system is the British thermal unit, or Btu, and is approximately equal to the quantity of heat that must be transferred to one pound of water in order that its temperature be raised one degree Fahrenheit. In laboratory work and throughout much of the world, the calorie is the common unit of heat. A gram calorie is the approximate quantity of heat that must be transferred to 1 gram (g) of water in order to raise its temperature by 1*C. The kilocalorie, sometimes called the kilogram calorie, is equal to 1000 gram calories.

Now with Piping and Fabrication, we will go deeper and deeper! and with Heat and Temperature of Pipe continue.

The definitions above are indicated as being approximate because, over the temperature range from freezing to boiling points of water, different quantities of heat are required to produce a unit temperature change. For this reason, the calorie and the Btu have been defined in international units as

In most engineering work, it is sufficiently accurate to use 1 kg . cal = 3.968 Btu and 1 Btu = 0.252 kg . cal.

Units of Temperature.
The relative ‘‘hotness’’ or ‘‘coldness’’ of a body is denoted by the term temperature. The temperature of a substance is measured by noting its effect upon a thermometer or pyrometer whose thermal properties are known. The mercury thermometer is suitable for measuring temperatures from _39 to about 600_F. This limit may be extended to 1000_F if the capillary tube above the mercury is filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide under pressure. High temperatures must be measured with thermocouples or optical pyrometers. The most commonly used thermometer scales are the Fahrenheit and the Celsius. Thermometer scales have as their bases the melting and boiling points of water, both measured at atmospheric pressure. The relation of the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales is as follows:

The relation between the two scales is

in which C is the reading on the Celsius scale and F is the reading on the Fahrenheit scale.

In certain calculations,

WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY on PIPING SYSTEM

Work, Power and Energy, on Piping System that's what we want to know today and still with Piping & Fabrication here, and here we go.

Work. 

When a body is moved against a resistance, work must be done upon the body. The amount of work done is the product of the force and the distance through which it acts. The unit of work in the English system is the foot-pound, which is the amount of work done by a force of 1 lb acting through a distance of 1 ft. The following symbols are used in this section in defining the interrelation of work, power, and energy:

A = area, in2 or ft2 (mm2 or m2) as noted
F = force, lbf (newton, N)
g = local acceleration of gravity, ft/s2 (9 . 81 m/s2)
gc = conversion constant, ft . lbf/(lbm . s2) [m . kgf/(kgm . s2)]
h = vertical distance, ft (m)
H = enthalpy, Btu (gram . cal)
hp = horsepower (J/s, kW)
kW= kilowatts
KE = kinetic energy, ft . lbf (m . kgf)
PE = potential energy, ft . lbf (m . kgf)
p = pressure, psi (kPa, kg/cm2)
l = distance, ft (m)
T = time, s
v = velocity, ft/s (m/s)
V = volume, ft3 (m3)
w = weight, lb (kg)
W = work, ft . lb (m . kg)

According to the above definition of work, the following expressions may be written to represent work:

If the force is independent of distance, if the process takes place at sea level, if pressure and area are independent of distance, and if pressure is independent of volume, respectively, the above expressions reduce to

where the subscripts 2 and 1 refer to final and initial states, respectively. The above expressions contain no term involving time, since the measure of work is independent of the time interval during which it is performed.

Power. 

Power is the time rate of performing work. The English unit of power is the horsepower, which is defined at 33,000 ft . lb/min or 550 ft . lb/s. Electric power is commonly expressed in watts or kilowatts, 1 kW being equivalent to 1.34 hp and 1 hp to 0.746 kW. The expressions for horsepower corresponding to those given above for work are

Electric power is the product of volts and amperes, i.e.,

The above expression for the determination of electric power is strictly true for direct current and for alternating current with a zero power factor. For the latter case, if the power factor is different from zero, the expression becomes

Energy. 

Energy is the capacity for doing work possessed by a system through virtue of work having previously been done upon it. Whenever work has been done upon a system in producing a change in its motion, its position, or its molecular condition, the system has acquired the capacity for doing work. Energy may be that due to motion, termed kinetic energy; that due to position, termed potential energy; or that due to molecular activity or configuration and is manifest as a change in its internal or stored energy. These three forms of energy are mutually convertible. In the English system, the units of energy are the foot-pound and the Btu, which are related by the fact that 1 Btu is equivalent to 778 ft . lb. Some of the more common expressions for energy are as follows:
1. The potential energy of a body of weight w lb mass which has been raised h ft against gravity is PE _ (wg/gc)h.
2. The kinetic energy possessed by a body of weight w lb mass moving at a velocity v ft/s is KE _ wv2/(2gc).
3. If the body of 1, initially at rest, were to fall freely through the distance h, its potential energy would be converted to kinetic energy and it would acquire a velocity v determined as follows:

4. The energy, resulting from its temperature, of a gas in motion is measured by its specific enthalpy h with units of Btu per pound mass. This energy is available for conversion to kinetic energy, as given by

If the initial velocity v1 is negligible, there is obtained

5. Energy is measured in the English system in horsepower-hours, kilowatthours, Btu, and foot-pounds. The relations among these units are as follows:

I think is enough for today from Piping and Fabrication, but don't forget to visit back because there is so many topics here and in the next post we will talk about Heat and Temperature for Pipe, Piping System, etc. Thanks for visiting.

Piping Fundamental as The Important Pipe Elements

Starting today, Piping & Fabrication will start the new chapter of this pipe handbook, and now we go to PIPING FUNDAMENTAL as the important pipe elements.

FORCES, MOMENTS, AND EQUILIBRIUM
Simple Forces. When two or more forces act upon a body at one point, they may be single or combined into a resultant force. Conversely, any force may be resolved into component forces. In the figure, let the vectors F1 and F2 represent two forces acting on a point O. The resultant force F is represented in direction and magnitude by the diagonal of the parallelogram of which F1 and F2 are the sides. Conversely, any force F may be resolved into component forces by a reverse of the above operation.

vector and moments

Moments.
The moment of a force with respect to a given point is the tendency of that force to produce rotation around it. The magnitude of the moment is represented by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from its line of action to the point or center of moment. In the English system of weights and measures, moments are expressed as the product of the force in pounds and the length of the moment arm in feet or inches, the unit of the moment being termed the pound-foot or the pound-inch. Moments acting in a clockwise direction are designated as positive, and those acting in a counterclockwise direction are negative. They may be added and subtracted algebraically, as moments, regardless of the direction of the forces themselves.

 

With respect of that figures, moments about an arbitrary point x are calculated as follows: Extend the line of action of F1 until its extension intersects the perpendicular ax drawn from point x. Draw bx from x perpendicular to F2. The sum of moments about point x due to the two forces is then Alternatively, since F1 and F2 have been shown to be the vector equivalent of the resultant F, the moments about x can be calculated as

Couples.
Two parallel forces of equal magnitude acting in opposite directions constitute a couple. The moment of the couple is the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the two. A couple has no single resultant and can be balanced only by another couple of equal moment of opposite sign.

Law of Equilibrium.
When a body is at rest, the external forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium and there must be a zero net moment on the body. This means that (1) the algebraic sums of the components of all forces with reference to any three axes of reference at right angles with one another must each be zero and (2) the algebraic sum of all moments with reference to any three such axes must be zero. When the forces all lie in the same plane, the algebraic sums of their components with respect to any two axes must be equal to zero and the algebraic sum of all moments with respect to any point in the plane must be zero.

stay tune in Piping and Fabrication, because we will know much about Pipe, Piping, Welding, Fabrics, Fabrication, etc, just to fill this mind with knowledge of pipe system.

Last Chapter of Piping System & Fabrication

Finally the General Definitions of Piping & Fabrication will finish now, and now is the last chapter from General Definitions of Piping System and all about Welding, Welder, Welding Machine, etc.

Welding Fittings.

welding fittings

Wrought- or forged-steel elbows, tees, reducers, and similar pieces for connection by welding to one another or to pipe. In small sizes, these fittings are available with counter bored ends for connection to pipe by fillet welding and are known as socket-weld fittings. In large sizes, the fittings are supplied with ends chamfered for connection to pipe by means of butt welding and are known
as butt-welding fittings.

Welding Generator.
The electric generator used for supplying welding current.

Welding Machine.
Equipment used to perform the welding operation.

Welding Operator.
One who operates a welding machine or automatic welding equipment.

Welding Procedure.
The detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment.

Welding Procedure Qualification Record.
Record of welding data and test results of the welding procedure qualifications, including essential variables of the process and the test results.

Welding Procedure Specification (WPS).

Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)

The document which lists the parameters to be used in construction of weldments in accordance with the applicable code requirements.

Welding Rod.

welding rod

Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing procedures and those arc welding processes where the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.

Welding Sequence.
The order of making the welds in a weldment.

Weldment.
An assembly whose component parts are to be joined by welding.

Wrought Iron.
Iron refined in a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon and other elements in solution.

Wrought Pipe.
The term wrought pipe refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means ‘‘worked,’’ as in the process of forming furnace welded pipe from skelp or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. Wrought pipe in this sense should not be confused with wrought-iron pipe, which is only one variety of wrought
pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name.

Very Important Element in Piping System

If we talk about Piping and Fabrication, we can't forget the thing called Weld, Welding and Welder, they are very important element in Piping System (Pipe), so here it is.

Weave Bead.

weave bead weld

A type of weld bead made with oscillation of the electrode transverse to the axis of the weld. Contrast to string bead.

Weld.

welding

A localized coalescence of material produced either by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, with or without the use of filler material.

Weld Bead.
A weld deposit resulting from a pass.

Weld Metal.
That portion of a weld which has been melted during welding. The portion may be the filler metal or base metal or both.

Weld Metal Area.
The area of the weld metal as measured on the cross section of a weld.

Weld Penetration.
See Joint Penetration and Root Penetration.

Weld-Prober Sawing.
Removal of a boat-shaped sample from a pipe weld for examination of the weld and its adjacent base-metal area. This operation is usually performed in graphitization studies.

Weld Reinforcement.

weld reinforcement

Weld material in excess of the specified weld size.

Something to Support Pipe or Fabrication

Before we reach to the welding, weld, welding machine or welding job also with welding supply, now we read about something to Support Pipe or Fabrication, because at the fabrics I have to steal a little bit time to do this post for Piping & Fabrication.

Underbead Crack.

weld crack

A crack in the heat-affected zone or in previously deposited weld metal paralleling the underside contour of the deposited weld bead and usually not extending to the surface.

Undercut.
A groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld material.

Van Stoning.
Hot upsetting of lapping pipe ends to form integral lap flanges, the lap generally being of the same diameter as that of the raised face of standard flanges.

Vapor Pressure.
The pressure exerted by the gaseous form, or vapor, of liquid. When the pressure above a liquid equals its vapor pressure, boiling occurs. If the pressure at any point in the flow of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure or becomes equal to the vapor pressure, the liquid flashes into vapor. This is called cavitation. The vapor thus formed travels with the liquid and collapses where the pressure is greater than vapor pressure. This could cause damage to piping and other components.

Vertical Position.

weld position

With respect to pipe welding, the position in which the axis of the pipe is vertical, with the welding being performed in the horizontal position. The pipe may or may not be rotated.

Viscosity.
In flowing liquids, the internal friction or the internal resistance to relative motion of the fluid particles with respect to one another.

Just keep visiting, because we will keep and continue to post this blog, everything all about Pipe, Piping, Fabrication, Fabrics, Weld, Welding, etc. and thanks!

Anything Related to Pipe & Fabrication

After doing an inspection directly to the Pipe Rack Line 4 with the boss, finally I can get back to the office (in the container) and start to input the data. Mean while the computer process the data, I will do this post for Pipe & Fabrication and now we will write about Anything Related to Pipe & Fabrication.

Tack Weld.

tack weld

A small weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made.

Tee Joint.

tee joint

A welded joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a T.

Tempering.
A process of heating a normalized or quench-hardened steel to a temperature below the transformation range and, from there, cooling at any rate desired.

Inside to The Pipe Elements and Welding Type (SAW)

One more day has passed, and I still stuck in this factory without freedom here. And to release this feeling I just open the internet connection and start to post for Piping & Fabrication, and I have to quick because the time is catching me. Now we go inside to the Pipe Elements and Welding Type (SAW).

Statically Cast Pipe.
Pipe formed by the solidification of molten metal in a sand mold.

Straight Polarity.

straight polarity

The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode negative.

Stress Relieving.

stress relieving

Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling.

Stringer Bead.

stringer bead

A type of weld bead made by moving the electrode in a direction essentially parallel to the axis of the bead. There is no appreciable transverse oscillation of the electrode.

Spread the Spatter of Weld and SDR

After finishing the job, now I have to post this blog soon, because I have to install another computer in Line 4 at other work place, still at the factory. So, Piping and Fabrication will spread the Spatter of Weld.

Spatter.

weld spatter

In arc and gas welding, the metal particles expelled during welding that do not form part of the weld.

Spatter Loss.
Difference in weight between the amount of electrode consumed and the amount of electrode deposited.

Specific Gravity.
The ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water at standard conditions.

Specific Volume.
The volume of a unit mass of a fluid is its specific volume, and it is measured in cubic feet per pound mass (ft3/lbm).

Specific Weight.
The weight of a unit volume of a fluid is its specific weight. In English units, it is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).

Spiral-Riveted.
A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and riveting together the overlapped edges.

Spiral-Welded.

spiral welded pipe

A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and fusion-welding the overlapped or abutted edges.

More and more with Pipe Fabrication

More and more with Pipe Fabrication and only in Piping & Fabrication blog, and lets continue this Definitions of Piping System.

Shot Blasting.

shot blasting machine

Mechanical removal of surface oxides and scale on the pipe inner and outer surfaces by the abrasive impingement of small steel pellets.

Single-Bevel-, Single-J, Single-U, Single-V-Groove Welds.

single bevel, single J, single U, single V groove welds

All are specific types of groove welds and are illustrated in Figure below.

Single-Welded Butt Joint.
A butt joint welded from one side only.

Size of Weld.

size of weld

For a groove weld, the joint penetration, which is the depth of chamfering plus the root penetration. For fillet welds,

Cross the Knowledge of Piping Fabrication

Huh, this mind is stuck on the middle of no where, I can't think clearly, I must be got a headache. But, still I will continue this post for Piping & Fabrication, because there is so much article that I have to post. now we already reach to the letter "S" of General Definitions and now we will cross the knowledge of Piping Fabrication.

Saddle Flange.

saddle flange

Also known as tank flange or boiler flange. A curved flange shaped to fit a boiler, tank, or other vessel and to receive a threaded pipe. A saddle flange is usually riveted or welded to the vessel.

Sample Piping.
All piping, valves, and fittings used for the collection of samples of gas, steam, water, oil, etc.

Sargol.
A special type of joint in which a lip is provided for welding to

Know More about Rolled Pipe, Root Edge, Root Face, etc.

Show that you are care to your family, and that's what I've done last night. I have to taken care a few problems in my family, start from my daughter and the others, and I feel so free now because the problems step by step will solved, I hope. And now continue with the Pipe and Fabrication, now we will know more about Rolled Pipe, Root Edge, Root Face, etc.

Rolled Pipe.

rolled pipe

Pipe produced from a forged billet which is pierced by a conical mandrel between two diametrically opposed rolls. The pierced shell is subsequently rolled and expanded over mandrels of increasingly large diameter. Where closer dimensional tolerances are desired, the rolled pipe is cold- or hot-drawn through dies and then machined. One variation of this process produces the hollow shell by extrusion of the forged billet over amandrel in a vertical, hydraulic piercing press.

Root Edge.
A root face of zero width.

Root Face.

nomenclature root face

That portion of the groove face adjacent to the root of the joint.

Continue of Piping System Reinforcement Definitions

I really hope that my friend will give me some suggestion for this Piping & Fabrication blog, but while I'm waiting for it, I have to fight by my own. But still with the hope that I have, I believe soon or later I will reach what I want to. and this is the Continue of Piping System Reinforcement Definitions.

Quenching.

quenching

Rapid cooling of a heated metal.

Radiographic Examination or Inspection.
Radiography is a nondestructive test method which makes use of short-wavelength radiations, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to penetrate objects for detecting the presence and nature of macroscopic defects or other structural discontinuities. The shadow image of defects or discontinuities is recorded either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film.

Reinforcement.
In branch connections, reinforcement is material around a branch opening that serves to strengthen it. The material is either integral in the branch components or added in the form of weld metal, a pad, a saddle, or a sleeve.

Surf The Deepest of Welding Position, Pressure in the Pipe System

Another day we have passed again, but this faith still the same, there is no change at all. Oh God, please give me some miracle so I can continue this life with the new hope and new life. That's what I said inside this heart, but anything happen, I still try to give this Piping & Fabrication continuous post. And today we will Surf the deepest of Welding position, Pressure in the Pipe System.

Plastic.
A material which contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of high to ultrahigh molecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and at some stage of its manufacture or processing can be shaped by flow. The two general types of plastic are thermoplastic and thermosetting.

Polarity.

Polarity

The direction of flow of current with respect to the welding electrode and workpiece.

Porosity.
Presence of gas pockets or voids in metal.

Positioning Weld.

weld position

A weld made in a joint which has been so placed as to facilitate the making of the weld.

Postheating.
The application of heat to a fabricated or welded section subsequent to a fabrication, welding, or cutting operation. Postheating may be done locally, as by induction heating; or the entire assembly may be postheated in a furnace.

Postweld Heat Treatment.

postweld heat treatment

Any heat treatment subsequent to welding.

Preheating.
The application of heat to a base metal immediately prior to a welding or cutting operation.

Pressure.

pressure

The force per unit that is acting on a real or imaginary surface within a fluid is the pressure or intensity of pressure. It is expressed in pounds per square inch:

pressure

where     p = absolute pressure at a point, psi (kg/cm2)
              w = specific weight, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
              h = height of fluid column above the point, ft (m)
              pa = atmospheric pressure, psi (kg/cm2)

The gauge pressure at a point is obtained by designating atmospheric pressure as zero:
    where p = gauge pressure.

To obtain absolute pressure from gauge pressure, add the atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure.

Pressure Head.
From the definition of pressure, the expression p/w is the pressure head. It can be defined as the height of the fluid above a point, and it is normally measured in feet.

Purging.
The displacement during welding, by an inert or neutral gas, of the air inside the piping underneath the weld area in order to avoid oxidation or contamination of the underside of the weld. Gases most commonly used are argon, helium, and nitrogen (the last is principally limited to austenitic stainless steel).
Purging can be done within a complete pipe section or by means of purging fixtures of a small area underneath the pipe weld.

Pipe and Piping System

Monday again now, and that's mean busy times! and that proven that I can post for this Piping Fabrication blog at 10.30 in my work place. By the way, for some people today is very hard day, because they have to make a report, long report about the schedule of the next week preparation for long shutdown at the factory. And now we reach to the Pipe and Piping System of the General Definitions, and we will continue and continue this until I already reach the maximum ability, but that's very far from it. and here we go with the definitions.

Pass.
A single progression of a welding or surfacing operation along a joint, weld deposit, or substrate. The result of a pass is a weld bead, layer, or spray deposit.

Peel Test.
A destructive method of examination that mechanically separates a lap joint by peeling.

Peening.

peening

The mechanical working of metals by means of hammer blows.

Pickle.
The chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides. Following welding operations, piping is frequently pickled in order to remove mill scale, oxides formed during storage, and the weld discolorations.

Pipe.

PIPE

A tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in ASME B36.10M

Make Friend with Piping Fabrication

I believe if you do a good thing, you must be receive something good too in return, and that's what I'll try to do now. With this Piping & Fabrication blog, I'll try to share and make friend in this world, with everyone, everybody, because I do like to have much friend as much as possible. Make friend with Piping Fabrication, that's a cool one, I think!

Overhead Position.

overhead position

The position of welding performed from the underside of the joint.

Oxidizing Flame.

oxidizing flame

An oxyfuel gas flame having an oxidizing effect caused by excess oxygen.

Oxyacetylene Cutting.

oxyacetylene cutting

An oxygen-cutting process in which metals are severed by the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures.