Continue of Piping System Reinforcement Definitions

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Quenching.

quenching

Rapid cooling of a heated metal.

Radiographic Examination or Inspection.
Radiography is a nondestructive test method which makes use of short-wavelength radiations, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to penetrate objects for detecting the presence and nature of macroscopic defects or other structural discontinuities. The shadow image of defects or discontinuities is recorded either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film.

Reinforcement.
In branch connections, reinforcement is material around a branch opening that serves to strengthen it. The material is either integral in the branch components or added in the form of weld metal, a pad, a saddle, or a sleeve.
In welding, reinforcement is weld metal in excess of the specified weld size.

Reinforcement Weld.

reinforcement weld

Weld metal on the face of a groove weld in excess of the metal necessary for the specified weld size.

Repair.
The process of physically restoring a nonconformance to a condition such that an item complies with the applicable requirements, including the code requirements.

Resistance Weld.
Method of manufacturing pipe by bending a plate into circular form and passing electric current through the material to obtain a welding temperature.

Restraint.
A structural attachment, device, or mechanism that limits movement of the pipe in one or more directions.

Reverse Polarity.
The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads with the work as the negative pole and the electrode as the positive pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode positive.

Reynolds Number.
A dimensionless number. It is defined as the ratio of the dynamic forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. It is expressed as

where     R = Reynolds number
              u = mean velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)
              p = weight density of fluid, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
              D = internal diameter of pipe, ft (m)
             u = absolute viscosity, in pound mass per foot second [lbm/(ft.s)] or poundal seconds per square 

                    foot (centipoise)